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The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the official legal print publication containing the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) is a continuously updated online version of the CFR. It is not an official legal edition of the CFR.
Many technologies have been developed for ballast water treatment and fall into two broad categories: in-line and in-tank. In-line systems operate so that water is pumped from the sea to the ballast tanks routed through a processing system which kills organisms before they reach the ballast tank. In-tank systems kill the organisms after the ballast tanks are filled with seawater from the port. These are reasonably considered batch process systems. These systems treat water in the ballast tanks rather than during intake or discharge. Treatment of the ballast water can occur en route between ballast water operations and this is the principal advantage of in-tank systems. Different technologies have been suggested for ballast water treatment, such as disinfection with chlorine (Simpson 2001), injecting chemicals (La Carbona et al. 2010), adding biocides to ballast water for the neutralisation of harmful microorganisms (Chelossi and Faimali 2006), sterilisation with ozone (Perrins et al. 2006), filtration with UV (ultraviolet) light (Sutherland et al. 2013), exposure to electrochemical charge or electro-ionization (Aliotta et al. 2001), exposure to heat (Mountfort et al. 2001), and sonication (Gavand et al. 2007). Some suggested systems use acids, while others sterilisation with hydrogen peroxide (Smit et al. 2008). The deoxygenation system (Browning 2001) kills organisms in the ballast tanks by creating a water environment (inert gas + CO2) which is low in oxygen, higher than normal in CO2, and with a lower than normal seawater pH. Some systems employ multiple methods to increase effectiveness. The 2 filtration + peracetic acid system utilises the method of passing the ballast water through the filters and adding peracetic acid. The filtration + electrolysis + ultraviolet light system provides the method of killing plants, bacteria and animals passing the ballast water through the filter and exposing them to electrolysis and ultraviolet light (Sutherland et al. 2013). The electrolysis system conducts sterilisation passing the ballast water through the filter with electrolysis (Rigby and Taylor 2001). The filtration with electrolysis, electrochlorination and waste control system uses the electrolysis method, injecting chlorine to induct a electrochemical reaction and removing the waste depending on the water quality. For this system, current density is an important parameter effecting the production of total residual chlorine in ballast or brackish water. Low current densities can avoid the production of harmful chlorine species (Lacasa et al. 2013).
The reliability of these types of devices can be shown as an exponential function of the time interval if the time interval is considered to be the useful lifespan of the device. For electronic systems such as sophisticated devices for the on-board ballast water treatment of ships, the failure density function has a form of an exponential distribution, so the failure frequency function is the same by definition (Turban et al. 2003):
The computing subsystem of some of the ballast water treatment systems on board ships can be found in three states: proper function, procedural failure and non-procedural failure (Shooman 2002). Computing subsystem reliability depends on the probability of proper function and failures in a specified time. The probability of a computing subsystem of certain ballast water treatment systems on board ships going from a state of proper function to a state of non-procedural failure is: 041b061a72